Title:
Diagnosis of Schedule Delays in Cost-Efficiency Conditions Integration of PLS-SEM, IPMA, and Earned Value Management in Road Projects in Indonesia

Authors:
Agung Widjonarko, Tri Gunarsih, Zaenal Arifin, Sutrisno, Indonesia

Abstract:

Project monitoring often separates objective control measures from implementers' assessments of the capabilities that shape project success. This separation limits the practical usefulness of both approaches. Earned Value Management (EVM) shows performance deviations, but does not directly determine the managerial aspects that require attention. In contrast, perception-based models identify relevant factors without pointing out actual schedule and cost issues. This study integrates EVM, Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), and Importance–Performance Map Analysis (IPMA) to diagnose the context of the selected road project improvement packages in Indonesia. The survey data came from 114 project personnel, while the schedule and cost data included the Tambakreja–Bantarsari and Legundi–Planjan packages. Both packages were late, with Schedule Performance Indices of 0.897 and 0.709, but remained cost-efficient, with Cost Performance Indices of 1.029 and 1.298. The PLS-SEM results are used to weight importance in IPMA, not to test determinants. Project procurement and labor behavior are highly important but underperform, so they should be prioritized for improvement. Management, planning, and organizational aspects perform better and should be maintained. Schedule recovery should focus on smooth procurement, supplier coordination, labor discipline, communication, and task execution without weakening cost control. This integrated framework links a project's objective status to actionable managerial priorities. Findings indicate intervention prioritization, not causality.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.51505/ijaemr.2026.11504