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Abstract: Agriculture plays a central role in global food security, rural livelihoods, and economic development, but it is also a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. The main greenhouse gases linked with agriculture are methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide. Methane is mainly released from livestock digestion, manure management, and flooded rice fields. Nitrous oxide is largely emitted from the use of synthetic fertilizers, manure application, and soil management practices, while carbon dioxide is associated with land-use change, deforestation, machinery, energy use, and the loss of soil organic carbon. Recent global evidence shows that agri-food systems contribute nearly one-third of total human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. These emissions increase global warming, disturb rainfall patterns, reduce soil and water quality, and threaten long-term food security. This review examines the major sources, impacts, challenges, and mitigation strategies related to greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. The paper is based on recent global reports and scientific literature published mainly between 2020 and 2025. The findings show that sustainable agricultural practices such as climate-smart agriculture, improved fertilizer management, alternate wetting and drying in rice, conservation agriculture, agroforestry, improved livestock feeding, renewable energy use, and reduction of food loss and waste can significantly reduce emissions. However, adoption remains limited due to financial constraints, lack of awareness, weak policy support, smallholder limitations, and poor access to technology. The paper concludes that protecting the Earth from the harmful effects of agricultural emissions requires a balanced approach that combines productivity, sustainability, farmer support, and strong climate policy.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.51505/ijaemr.2026.11338 |
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