Title:
Advances in Wireless Sensor Network Localization Techniques in Smart Cities; A Review

Authors:
Ishiwu Ifeanyichukwu Jude*, Oshiga Olabowale Omotayo, Opeyemi Ayokunle Osanaiye, Peter Igba Awunde, Ollor Abee Ejire, Abdulhafiz Momodu Yesufu, Abba Abiso Abubakar, Okpe Paul Michael, Nigeria

Abstract:

The challenges associated with Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) techniques in smart cities conceive the ideas of this review research. These challenges are but not limited to; Indoor Environments where GPS are not reliable, Energy Constraints, Network Scale and Complexity. A review of WSN localization algorithms for smart cities identifies key techniques like range-based (e.g., Time-of-Arrival, Time-Difference-of-Arrival, Angle-of-Arrival, Received-Signal-Strength) and range-free (Centroid-base, Distance-Vector Hop, Approximate-in-Triangulation, Centroid-Base, Multi-Dimensional-Scaling) methods, which determine node positions using known anchor nodes or cooperative localization. Recent approaches often take the advantages of combining the Software Defined Network (SDN) and Machine Learning (ML) to improve network accuracy and reduce energy consumption in the complex smart cities. However, some factors like; Anchor Node Availability, Application Requirements, Sensor Density and Distribution influence the algorithms choice to mitigate in the above-mentioned challenges. This paper explores and presents a survey of current localization techniques for wireless sensor networks. In this survey, we present the entire localization process and classification of localization methods and algorithms. The merits and demerits of each localization were outlined and comparatively compared to determine its suitability in choices of network designs.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.51505/ijaemr.2025.1504